Archéologie, microbiote et Cie… « Dis-moi ce que tu mâches, je te dirai qui tu es [et ce qui compose ton microbiote oral] ! »
Le brai de bouleau, mastic obtenu à partir de l’écorce de l’arbre, semblait servir notamment de colle pour la fabrication d’outils préhistoriques, mais pourquoi pas de dentifrice ou encore être utilisée pour ses éventuelles vertus antiseptiques. En effet, il a récemment été suggéré que cette pâte pouvait être mâchée comme en attestent les marques de dents observées sur différents spécimens bien conservés trouvés par les archéologues. Certains de ces « chewing-gums » datant de plusieurs milliers d’années ont été retrouvés intacts et bien conservés au cours de fouilles archéologiques sur des sites situés en Suède (Jensen et al. Nat Comm, 2019) et Danemark (Jensen et al. Nat Comm, 2019). Source d’ADN ancien, ils permettent de révéler non seulement les origines et les traits physiques de la personne « mâchouilleuse » grâce à la possibilité d’avoir accès à sont génome complet, de connaître la composition de ses repas et de savoir quels étaient les micro-organismes présents dans sa bouche !
Ainsi, l’analyse de l’ADN présent sur l’une de ces pâtes mâchouillées datant de plus de 5 700 ans par séquençage nouvelle-génération a permis à l’équipe de Jensen et al. de montrer qu’une femme – que les chercheurs ont appelé « Lola » – probablement aux yeux bleus, aux cheveux foncés et à la peau foncée avait mâché un morceau de brai de bouleau après un repas composé de noisettes et de canard. Outre l’ADN humain et les l’ADN d’espèces végétales et animales, les chercheurs ont pu détecter différents micro-organismes. Il s’agissait principalement de bactéries non pathogènes, commensales classiques de la flore orale humaine et des vois respiratoires supérieures, des bactéries associées à des pathologies parodontales, mais du Streptococcus pneumoniae ou du virus Epstein-Barr (EBV). Ce travail montre qu’il est possible d’étudier des populations anciennes sans forcément avoir accès des restes humains (os, dents …) que ce soit pour étudier la « génétique ancestrale » mais aussi le microbiome oral et l’évolution des agents pathogènes.
Pour en savoir plus …
– Articles originaux :
Jensen TZT, Niemann J, Iversen KH, Fotakis AK, Gopalakrishnan S, Vågene ÅJ, Pedersen MW, Sinding MS, Ellegaard MR, Allentoft ME, Lanigan LT, Taurozzi AJ, Nielsen SH, Dee MW, Mortensen MN, Christensen MC, Sørensen SA, Collins MJ, Gilbert MTP, Sikora M, Rasmussen S, Schroeder H. A 5700 year-old human genome and oral microbiome from chewed birch pitch. Nat Commun. 2019 Dec 17;10(1):5520.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-13549-9
Kashuba N, Kırdök E, Damlien H, Manninen MA, Nordqvist B, Persson P, Götherström A. Ancient DNA from mastics solidifies connection between material culture and genetics of mesolithic hunter-gatherers in Scandinavia. Commun Biol. 2019 May 15;2:185.
https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-019-0399-1
– Presse grand public :
https://www.futura-sciences.com/sciences/actualites/archeologie-chewing-gum-raconte-histoire-celle-machouille-il-y-5700-ans-74279/
https://www.lemonde.fr/sciences/article/2019/12/24/l-image-de-la-semaine-un-chewing-gum-prehistorique-tres-bavard_6023992_1650684.html
Dr Sonia BURREL (sonia.burrel@aphp.fr)
MCU-PH Virologie, GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière Paris. CNR Herpèsvirus (laboratoire associé HSV). SU-INSERM UMR_S 1136 Team 3 THERAVIR IPLESP
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