Avril 2020
Alternaria brassicicola
REGNE : Fungi
PHYLUM : Dikarya, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina
CLASSE : Dothideomycètes
ORDRE : Pleosporales
FAMILLE : Pleosporaceae
Le genre Alternaria renferme plus de 200 espèces cosmopolites extrèmement répandues dans les sols, sur les plantes et dans l’air. Si certaines sont associées à des allergies et maladies respiratoires ou à l’origine d’infections humaines, la plupart sont saprophytes ou phytopathogènes. En tant qu’agents nécrotrophes, les Alternaria sont généralement inféodés à une famille de plantes donnée. Sur les Brassicacées ou Crucifères agit un complexe de trois espèces à fort potentiel parasitaire, A. brassicicola, A. brassicae et A. japonica, responsable de la maladie des taches noires.
Sur milieu malt-agar, le mycélium d’A. brassicicola est ras d’aspect velouté et de couleur marron olivâtre. Les chaînes d’une dizaine de spores asexuées sont produites à l’air libre à partir de conidiophores simples ou ramifiés. Les conidies sont foncées et de couleur brune, lisse de forme cylindrique à oblongue et muriformes. Elles sont de tailles variables selon leur position sur la chaîne (20-75 µm x 10-18 µm) et présentent essentiellement des cloisons transversales. Aucune forme de reproduction sexuée n’a été décrite à ce jour chez A. brassicicola.
Alternaria brassicicola est un champignon qui peut se conserver au niveau des semences et être présent à tous les stades de développement de la plante, de la levée à la récolte. Il peut être à l’origine de fontes de semis ou plus tardivement affecter l’ensemble des organes aériens (cotylédons, feuilles, tiges, fleurs, siliques). Les symptômes prennent généralement l’aspect de nécroses entourées d’un halo chlorotique. Ces lésions, qui deviennent confluentes par la suite, se recouvrent des fructifications asexuées qui assurent la dissémination de l’agent pathogène.
Alternaria brassicicola est considéré comme un agent nécrotrophe modèle et les séquences complètes du gènome de deux isolats sont actuellement disponibles. L’étude des facteurs pathogéniques a fait l’objet d’une attention particulière facilitée par son interaction avec Arabidopsis thaliana. Des mécanismes liés à l’attaque des tissus hôtes (toxines, enzymes lytiques) ou à la protection du champignon contre les défenses de l’hôte ont ainsi été bien décrits. Il s’agit également d’un modèle précieux pour la compréhension des processus de transmission fongique à et par la semence qui impliquent par exemple des protéines de type hydrophiline.
Pour plus d’informations, consulter :
N’Guyen et al. Responses to hydric stress in the seed-borne necrotrophic fungus Alternaria brassicicola. Frontiers in Microbiology, 2019;10:1969. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.01969
Belmas et al. Genome sequence of the necrotrophic plant pathogen Alternaria brassicicola Abra43. Genome Announcement, 2018;6(6):e01559-17.
Thomas Guillemette
(Equipe FungiSem, Institut de Recherche en Horticulture et Semences, UMR 1345 INRA – Université d’Angers – Agrocampus Ouest, Angers)
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