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Hormographiella aspergillata
REGNE : Eumycota (Fungi)
PHYLUM : Dikarya, Basidiomycota, Agaricomycotina
CLASSE : Agaricomycètes
ORDRE : Agaricales
FAMILLE : Psathyrellaceae
Hormographiella aspergillata fait partie de ces champignons filamenteux basidiomycètes parfois isolés des voies respiratoires humaines, qui à l’instar de Schizophyllum commune se présentent généralement sous forme d’une moisissure blanche non sporulante difficile à identifier [1].
La forme sexuée, Coprinopsis cinerea (anciennement Coprinus cinereus), correspond au coprin cendré qui se développe sur le fumier ou la paille en décomposition. La particularité de ce champignon est d’être facilement cultivable en laboratoire sur les milieux usuels en seulement 2 semaines avec production du sporocarpe. La synchronisation de son développement par l’alternance d’éclairage (simulant le cycle jour/nuit) en fait un modèle très répandu pour l’étude du cycle cellulaire, notamment par les généticiens [2].
La forme asexuée, H. aspergillata, a quant à elle été isolée de l’environnement, à partir d’échantillons d’air, de sol ou encore de végétaux et de compost [3]. Les progrès du diagnostic mycologique, avec notamment l’identification moléculaire des champignons, ont permis de démontrer sa capacité à coloniser les voies respiratoires, mais aussi à engendrer des infections fongiques invasives chez des patients immunodéprimés [4]. Plus d’une vingtaine de cas d’infections prouvées ou probables ont été décrites, essentiellement en Europe, mais également aux États-Unis et au Japon. Les cas rapportés sont principalement des infections pulmonaires parfois compliquées d’une dissémination hématogène, ainsi que quelques cas d’infections cutanées et oculaires [4].
Au laboratoire, on observe à l’examen direct du prélèvement des filaments hyalins, septés et ramifiés de manière dichotomique, à angle aigu (Figure 1). Les colonies d’H. aspergillata apparaissent en 5 à 7 jours aussi bien à 20-25°C qu’à 35-37°C sur milieu de Sabouraud sans cycloheximide. Elles sont d’aspect velouté et de couleur blanche à crème au recto (Figure 2A) et incolores au verso (Figure 2B). Ces colonies sont formées par des filaments septés et hyalins qui, lorsqu’ils ne sont pas stériles, portent des conidiophores à croissance sympodiale produisant à leur sommet des arthrospores de petite taille (3,5 à 6 µm de long sur 2 à 2,5 µm de large), disposées en amas (Figure 2C). Ces arthrospores unicellulaires à paroi lisse sont cylindriques et tronquées à leurs extrémités. L’identification formelle s’effectue par séquençage des régions ITS ou du gène codant l’ARNr 28S. In vitro, la recherche des antigènes galactomannane et β-D-glucane est positive sur le surnageant de culture. Toutefois, la détection de ces biomarqueurs dans le sérum des patients atteints d’infections invasives est inconstante. C’est la raison pour laquelle, en l’absence d’examen direct positif, il peut être difficile d’affirmer le rôle pathogène de ce champignon environnemental.
Les données concernant la sensibilité d’H. aspergillata aux antifongiques sont rares, et les CMI des différents antifongiques sont très variables en fonction des cas rapportés. Au regard des informations disponibles, l’amphotéricine B et le voriconazole seront les molécules à utiliser en première ligne, mais le pronostic de ces infections invasives reste sombre malgré un traitement antifongique associé ou non à une exérèse chirurgicale des tissus infectés.
A la suite de la conférence d’Amsterdam en 2010, la communauté scientifique a adopté le principe de mettre un terme à la double dénomination qui prévalait dans le règne fongique pour désigner le stade sexué et le stade asexué d’un même champignon [5]. A l’instar de ce qui a été décidé pour les Scedosporium et leurs formes sexuées (initialement appelées Pseudallescheria), nous proposons de parler dorénavant de stade Hormographiella aspergillata de Coprinopsis cinerea.
Pour plus d’informations, consulter :
- Chowdhary A, Kathuria S, Agarwal K, Meis JF. Recognizing filamentous basidiomycetes as agents of human disease: A review. Med Mycol. 2014;52(8):782-97.
- Pukkila PJ. Coprinopsis cinerea. Curr Biol. 2011;21(16):R616‑7.
- Gené J, Guillamon JM, Guarro J, Pujol I, Ulfig K. Molecular characterization, relatedness and antifungal susceptibility of the basidiomycetous Hormographiella species and Coprinus cinereus from clinical and environmental sources. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek. 1996;70(1):49‑57.
- Moniot M, Lavergne RA, Morel T, Guieze R, Morio F, Poirier P, Nourrisson C. Hormographiella aspergillata: an emerging basidiomycete in the clinical setting? A case report and literature review. BMC Infect Dis. 2020;20(1):945.
- Hawksworth DL, Crous PW, Redhead SA, et al. The Amsterdam declaration on fungal nomenclature. IMA Fungus. 2011;2(1):105-12.
Maxime Moniot, Céline Nourrisson, Philippe Poirier
(Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand)
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