Novembre 2021
Pseudogymnoascus destructans
REGNE : Eumycota (Fungi)
DIVISION : Ascomycota
SOUS-DIVISION : Pezizomycotina
CLASSE : Sordariomycètes, Léotiomycètes
FAMILLE : Pseudeurotiaceae
GENRE : Pseudogymnoascus
En février 2006, dans l’état de New York près de la ville d’Albany, des spéléologues ont découvert des dizaines de cadavres de chauves-souris à l’entrée d’une grotte qu’ils étaient sur le point d’explorer. Les chauves-souris avaient interrompu leur hibernation trop tôt et étaient mortes de faim. A l’intérieur de la grotte, les animaux survivants présentaient un duvet blanchâtre autour des narines (Figure 1). Le même type de lésion avec les mêmes conséquences désastreuses pour les colonies de chauves-souris a été observé les années suivantes dans d’autres grottes et l’affection dénommée “bat white nose syndrome” (BWNS) a rapidement été identifiée comme une maladie émergente menaçant la survie de plusieurs espèces de chiroptères sur le continent nord-américain. L’origine fongique du BWNS a été découverte peu de temps après la première observation (1). Le champignon responsable est une nouvelle espèce initialement nommée Gymnoascus destructans (2), puis rattachée par la suite au genre Pseudogymnoascus (3).
Pseudogymnoascus destructans est un champignon filamenteux kératinophile. L’une de ses particularités principales est la psychrophilie avec une température optimale de développement comprise entre 12 et 16°C. Les colonies sont blanches en périphérie et gris-verdâtre au centre avec un aspect poudreux (2, 4) (Figure 2). A l’examen microscopique, P. destructans présente des spores asexuées (conidies) de petite taille (7-10 x 1-2 μm), de couleur verte avec une paroi fine et échinulée et une forme incurvée (Figure 3). Les conidies sont formées en verticilles à l’extrémité de conidiophores lisses, fins, et hyalins.
L’infection par P. destructans est une maladie émergente dont la répartition géographique ne cesse de s’étendre aux Etats-Unis et au Canada. Plusieurs millions de chauves-souris sont mortes et la survie de certaines espèces nord-américaines est clairement menacée. La petite chauve-souris brune (Myotis lucifugus) est l’espèce qui a payé le plus lourd tribut depuis l’émergence de cette infection en 2006.
Il est possible de retrouver le champignon dans des colonies de chauves-souris en Europe mais, contrairement à ce qui est rapporté aux Etats-Unis, le développement fongique à la surface de la peau ne perturbe pas les animaux et aucun épisode de mortalité de masse n’a été observé (5, 6). L’analyse génétique a montré que les isolats circulant sur le continent nord-américain sont tous issus du même clone alors que les isolats Européens présentent une grande diversité génétique (7, 8). Selon toute vraisemblance, P. destructans a été accidentellement introduit en Amérique du nord où il a rencontré des populations de chauves-souris non immunisées. A ce jour, aucun traitement des animaux ni aucune mesure de désinfection de l’environnement ne s’est révélée efficace pour limiter la propagation de la maladie aux États-Unis et au Canada.
Pour plus d’informations, consulter :
- Blehert DS, Hicks AC, Behr M, et al. Bat white-nose syndrome: an emerging fungal pathogen? Science. 2009;323(5911):227.
- Gargas A, Trest MT, Christensen M, et al. Geomyces destructans sp. nov. associated with bat white-nose syndrome. Mycotaxon. 2009;108:147–54.
- Minnis AM, Lindner DL. Phylogenetic evaluation of Geomyces and allies reveals no close relatives of Pseudogymnoascus destructans, comb. nov., in bat hibernacula of eastern North America. Fungal Biol. 2013;117(9):638–49.
- Chaturvedi V, Springer DJ, Behr MJ, et al. Morphological and molecular characterizations of psychrophilic fungus Geomyces destructans from New York bats with white nose syndrome (WNS). PLoS One. 2010:e10783.
- Puechmaille SJ, Frick WF, Kunz TH, et al. White-nose syndrome: is this emerging disease a threat to European bats? Trends Ecol Evol. 2011;26(11):570–6.
- Garzoli L, Riccucci M, Patriarca E, et al. First Isolation of Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the fungal causative agent of white-nose disease, in bats from Italy. Mycopathologia. 2019;184(5):637–44.
- Khankhet J, Vanderwolf KJ, McAlpine DF, et al. Clonal expansion of the Pseudogymnoascus destructans genotype in North America is accompanied by significant variation in phenotypic expression. PLoS One. 2014;9(8):e104684.
- Leopardi S, Blake D, Puechmaille SJ. White-nose syndrome fungus introduced from Europe to North America. Curr Biol. 2015;25(6):R217–R219.
Jacques Guillot
(Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Nantes (ONIRIS), Nantes)
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