Depuis 2018, une initiative a été lancée avec plusieurs institutions européennes, dont l’Agence Nationale de la Recherche en France, pour former la “CoaLitionS”promettant d’implémenter à court ou moyen terme le “Plan S”qui vise à généraliser les publications scientifiques en accès libre (‘open-access’). L’implémentation de ce PlanS requiert que les articles issus de recherches financées sur des fonds publics soient publiés en accès libre dans des journaux dont tous les articles sont disponibles en open-access, ou bien alors déposés dans des archives ouvertes (versions finales des auteurs sur HAL et/ou BiorXiv). C’est aussi une des demandes du CNRS, qui a plusieurs fois communiqué en faveur de la publication scientifique en libre accès, et qui va même plus loinen incitant les chercheurs à favoriser les archives ouvertes et les publications scientifiques dans des journaux de type “Diamond open-access”, intégralement open-access et sans frais de publications pour les auteurs (APC pour “Article Processing Charge”). Devant le manque de transparence et d’ouverture de l’édition scientifique, l’augmentation des APC parfois de façon démesurée, et la multiplication de journaux dits “prédateurs” voulant se faire une place dans un marché de l’édition scientifique affichant des marges bénéficiaires record, un nouveau type de publications scientifiques a émergé récemment : les pre-prints reviewés, d’ores et déjà reconnus par nombre d’institutions, y compris par la CoaLitionS. Le principe est finalement le même que la publication d’articles dans un journal, sauf qu’à la fin l’article reviewé n’apparaît pas nécessairement dans un journal, et il n’y a donc pas d’APC pour diffuser largement le fruit des recherches. Ce genre d’initiative permet aux chercheurs de reprendre le contrôle de l’édition scientifique tout en limitant les dépenses publiques liées aux APC et aux abonnements aux journaux. Après tout, ce sont les chercheurs qui contribuent à l’intégralité du processus d’édition scientifique : trouver les financements et mener la recherche, écrire les articles, les relire ou ‘reviewer’ en tant qu’experts, et faire leur édition scientifique. Ici, ces mêmes chercheurs contribuent au même processus de peer-reviewing, sans profiter aux sociétés éditrices privées qui tirent partie de l’altruisme du mécanisme de peer-reviewing sans retour à la communauté scientifique. Ainsi, plusieurs initiatives ont émergé, on peut notamment citer “Review Commons”, ou “Peer Community In” (PCI), dont il existe une section depuis peu dédiée à la microbiologie. Sophie Abby de la Section “Biodiversité et Evolution” est membre du managing board de PCI Microbiology. Elle explique ainsi que son principe est simple et repose sur 1) le dépôt d’un article sur une plate-forme de preprint telle que BiorXiv (un “digital object identifier” ou DOI unique est alors créé), 2) la demande de sa prise en considération par le “PCI” de son choix, 3) le choix ou non de reviewer l’article est fait par un “recommender” (ou éditeur) du PCI thématique, 4) l’article est envoyé en review, et 5) après un ou plusieurs tours de révision, la décision de recommander ou non l’article est prise par le “recommender”. Les revues sont publiques si l’article est accepté, et fait original, un texte de recommandation écrit par le “recommender” est associé à l’article, expliquant l’intérêt de l’étude pour la communauté. Le devenir de l’article est laissé au choix des auteurs : soit il reste ainsi à l’état de “pre-print reviewé” (et est reconnu en tant que tel par par exemple BiorXiv), soit il est soumis et directement accepté dans le journal “Peer Community Journal”, soit il est transféré à un journal “PCI-friendly” (qui pourra considérer les reviews obtenues), soit à un autre journal classique.
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