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Une étude réalisée à l’EMBL à Heidelberg par Blanche et al. démontre comment dans le kéfir, composé par une communauté naturelle de procaryotes (principalement des bactéries lactiques et acétiques) et de levures (famille des Saccharomycetaceae) qui fermente le lait, ces espèces coexistent de façon stable grâce à l’orchestration spatiotemporelle de la dynamique de métabolites et espèces. Plus précisément, pendant la fermentation du lait, les grains de kéfir (une matrice de polysaccharides synthétisée par les micro-organismes) se développent en masse mais restent inchangés dans leur composition. En revanche, le lait est colonisé de manière séquentielle, les premiers membres ouvrant la niche aux suivants en mettant à disposition des métabolites tels que les acides aminés et le lactate. Cela permet à des micro-organismes mal adaptés au lait de survivre dans la communauté, et même la dominer, grâce à la coopération métabolique et à la répartition inégale entre le grain et le lait. Vous trouverez plus d’informations sur l’article publié en Nature Microbiology (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-020-00816-5) ainsi que sur un article de vulgarisation scientifique paru dans Le Monde (https://www.lemonde.fr/sciences/article/2021/02/17/le-kefir-se-transforme-avec-constance_6070318_1650684.html)
Une étude de collaboration entre des chercheurs français et américains (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41564-020-00816-5) démontre que les bactéries intestinales contribuent à la formation de protéines, de réticulants de catécholamines et de chitine dans la cuticule de fourmis tortues herbivores Cephalotes. Les auteurs ont utilisé la manipulation des bactéries intestinales, l’enrichissement isotopique 15N, la spectrométrie de masse du rapport isotopique et la spectroscopie de résonance magnétique nucléaire 15N pour identifier les composants cuticulaires qui sont enrichis en azote par les bactéries intestinales. Ils ont mis en evidence le rôle des symbiotes dans l’évolution des insectes, et fournit un cadre pour comprendre le flux d’azote des nutriments à travers les bactéries dans la cuticule de l’insecte. Cette etude a fait objet d’un communiqué de presse du CNRS que vous pouvez trouver en suivant ce lien https://www.inc.cnrs.fr/fr/cnrsinfo/comment-se-forger-une-carapace
Une étude chinoise publiée en ISME Journal s’est intéressée à la contribution des micro-organismes symbionts colonisant les glandes génitales du panda géant (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Ils ont utilisé la chromatographie en phase gazeuse, la spectrométrie de masse et le séquençage métagénomique pour analyser le microbiome des glandes odorantes et tester si elles jouent un rôle important dans la synthèse des signaux chimiques, qui peuvent être utilisés comme chimiosignaux. Ils ont constaté que le gland anogenital contient une communauté diversifiée de bactéries fermentatives avec des enzymes qui participent à des voies métaboliques (par exemple, la dégradation des lipides) pour la production d’odeurs volatiles spécialisées dans la communication chimique. De même, ils démontrent des différences quantitatives et qualitatives dans le microbiote entre les sécrétions du gland et le tube digestif, une constatation qui s’est traduite par des différences entre les composés chimiques pouvant être utilisés pour la communication olfactive. Les composés chimiques volatiles étaient plus divers et plus abondants dans le gland que dans les échantillons fécaux. Cela suggère que les voies métaboliques ont été spécialisées pour la synthèse de chimiosignaux pour la communication et éclairent les phénomènes, jusqu’à présent, mal compris impliqués dans le rôle des bactéries symbiotiques dans la production de chimiosignaux. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41396-021-00905-1
Deadline à venir
- La conférence annuelle de la Microbiology Society se tiendra en mode virtuel cette année. Il est encore temps de s’inscrire. Veuillez suivre ce lien : https://microbiologysociety.org/event/full-events-listing/annual-conference-online-2021.html
- Un numéro spécial du journal Microorganisms sur la capsule bactérienne, ainsi que celle des levures et archées est en cours de preparation. On vous encourage à soumettre votre recherche. Pour plus d’informations : https://www.mdpi.com/journal/microorganisms/special_issues/capsules
Olaya RENDUELES GARCIA olaya.rendueles-garcia@pasteur.fr
Simonetta GRIBALDO simonetta.gribaldo@pasteur.fr
Twój Wypoczynek
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