Bio-electrochemical COD removal for energy-efficient, maximum and robust nitrogen recovery from urine through membrane aerated nitrification
Jolien De Paepea,b,c, Kim De Paepea, Francesc Gòdia b, Korneel Rabaeya,c,∗ , Siegfried E. Vlaeminckc,d, Peter Clauwaerta,c
a Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (CMET), Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Gent, Belgium
b Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Biològica I Ambiental, Escola d’Enginyeria, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona, Spain
c Center for Advanced Process Technology and Urban Resource Efficiency (CAPTURE), Belgium
d Research Group of Sustainable Energy, Air and Water Technology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium
Abstract :
Resource recovery from source-separated urine can shorten nutrient cycles on Earth and is essential in regenerative life support systems for deep-space exploration. In this study, a robust two-stage, energyefficient, gravity-independent urine treatment system was developed to transform fresh real human urine into a stable nutrient solution. In the first stage, up to 85% of the COD was removed in a microbial electrolysis cell (MEC), converting part of the energy in organic compounds (27–46%) into hydrogen gas and enabling full nitrogen recovery by preventing nitrogen losses through denitrification in the second stage. Besides COD removal, all urea was hydrolysed in the MEC, resulting in a stream rich in ammoniacal nitrogen and alkalinity, and low in COD. This stream was fed into a membrane-aerated biofilm reactor (MABR) in order to convert the volatile and toxic ammoniacal nitrogen to non-volatile nitrate by nitrification. Bio-electrochemical pre-treatment allowed to recover all nitrogen as nitrate in the MABR at a bulk-phase dissolved oxygen level below 0.1 mg O2 L−1. In contrast, feeding the MABR directly with raw urine (omitting the first stage), at the same nitrogen loading rate, resulted in nitrogen loss (18%) due to denitrification. The MEC and MABR were characterised by very distinct and diverse microbial communities. While (strictly) anaerobic genera, such as Geobacter (electroactive bacteria), Thiopseudomonas, a Lentimicrobiaceae member, Alcaligenes and Proteiniphilum prevailed in the MEC, the MABR was dominated by aerobic genera, including Nitrosomonas (a known ammonium oxidiser), Moheibacter and Gordonia. The two-stage approach yielded a stable nitrate-rich, COD-low nutrient solution, suitable for plant and microalgae cultivation.
Asixiy
cost lipitor 40mg buy generic atorvastatin atorvastatin 10mg pill
Xxrorw
propecia 1mg brand finasteride over the counter purchase fluconazole generic
Otdcif
buy baycip online – order amoxiclav online augmentin 1000mg usa
Ltjsua
buy cipro 1000mg without prescription – buy augmentin augmentin 375mg ca
Fwgoea
buy metronidazole pills for sale – amoxil price order zithromax 250mg generic
Otczlo
ciprofloxacin 500mg brand – ciplox without prescription buy generic erythromycin over the counter
Jldtrm
buy valacyclovir 500mg – nemasole usa purchase zovirax online
Hyrkxz
stromectol usa – buy sumycin 500mg sale buy sumycin 250mg
Punijq
buy flagyl generic – buy cheap cleocin order azithromycin pills
Ozolpi
buy acillin online cheap where to buy ampicillin without a prescription order amoxicillin online
Jgofrf
furosemide 100mg for sale – oral minipress buy captopril tablets
Pferil
metformin 1000mg cheap – baycip pills cost lincomycin 500 mg
Sntlkv
buy retrovir generic – buy allopurinol 100mg pill buy zyloprim 300mg generic
Swndgn
order generic clozapine 50mg – buy generic clozapine 50mg order pepcid generic
Zypkjd
seroquel 50mg cheap – bupron SR tablet eskalith over the counter
Hshdgr
clomipramine canada – order clomipramine 50mg without prescription purchase doxepin for sale
Zgoxpn
buy atarax 25mg generic – buy endep generic amitriptyline sale
Gagvsk
amoxiclav generic – order ethambutol 600mg online ciprofloxacin 1000mg without prescription
Agyvao
buy cheap amoxil – cefuroxime price buy ciprofloxacin 1000mg generic
Dqfdgx
cleocin 300mg generic – buy oxytetracycline sale chloramphenicol where to buy
Umuehl
buy azithromycin for sale – order metronidazole 200mg online cheap how to get ciplox without a prescription
Lrkrvs
stromectol 12 mg – cheap eryc 500mg cefaclor 250mg oral
Umsldh
albuterol oral – buy albuterol for sale theo-24 Cr 400mg tablet
Jkdpot
brand methylprednisolone – fml-forte canada buy astelin without prescription
Chmrkw
order generic clarinex – albuterol brand albuterol canada
Tkivbf
order glyburide 5mg without prescription – cheap pioglitazone pill forxiga 10mg
Wqxaet
buy glucophage pills – metformin order precose where to buy
Hwqwtj
buy repaglinide 1mg online cheap – empagliflozin ca jardiance cost
Wfpzoc
buy terbinafine – buy fulvicin 250 mg generic buy grifulvin v sale
Unpddq
brand ketoconazole 200 mg – buy generic mentax over the counter buy itraconazole generic
Cazunv
buy famciclovir 250mg – zovirax 400mg generic buy valaciclovir 1000mg generic
Uolkjw
lanoxin 250mg generic – order calan pills buy generic furosemide 40mg
Iktgsf
simvastatin habit – zocor invite lipitor intelligence
Fportg
priligy now – suhagra faith cialis with dapoxetine bang
Rphnix
brand cialis silk – alprostadil fetch penisole artist
Mhjukm
cialis soft tabs online bone – viagra oral jelly online oxford viagra oral jelly understand
Xxeoii
cenforce noble – brand viagra online hope
Grbhxw
uti treatment relax – uti antibiotics shape uti medication very
Ldrpod
loratadine extra – loratadine medication toast loratadine medication alas
Xsfxzr
promethazine mouth – promethazine central promethazine net
Jreozy
biaxin pills lend – biaxin pills unable cytotec pills belong
Sjxjpk
florinef pills cap – nexium before lansoprazole general
Ongmye
aciphex buy online – purchase rabeprazole online buy domperidone for sale
Scsedb
dulcolax 5 mg cost – purchase liv52 generic liv52 price
stomatolog_kpEn
безопасно,
Индивидуальный подход к каждому пациенту, для поддержания здоровья рта,
Современные методы стоматологии, для вашей улыбки,
Индивидуальный подход к каждому пациенту, для вашего комфорта и уверенности,
Инновационные методы стоматологии, для вашего здоровья и красоты улыбки,
Профессиональная гигиена полости рта, для вашего здоровья и уверенности в себе,
Индивидуальный план лечения для каждого пациента, для вашей уверенной улыбки
клініка стоматологічна клініка стоматологічна .
Gpjmhe
hydroquinone ca – brand desogestrel purchase duphaston sale
Wswyoa
order dramamine 50mg without prescription – risedronate 35mg brand order risedronate 35mg online cheap
Mxeckk
brand vasotec 5mg – purchase vasotec generic latanoprost over the counter
Akettd
purchase monograph generic – monograph online buy buy cilostazol pills
Fwdcmt
order generic feldene 20 mg – piroxicam cost exelon cheap
AlbertVof
pin up azerbaycan yukle https://azerbaijancuisine.com/# pin up az
pin-up 306
Vkvxsz
brand nootropil 800 mg – order praziquantel for sale sinemet price
Williamadvam
mexico pharmacy: mexican pharmacy online – mexico pharmacy
Jeffreymycle
https://northern-doctors.org/# buying from online mexican pharmacy
Williamadvam
medicine in mexico pharmacies: mexican rx online – mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa
Jeffreymycle
https://northern-doctors.org/# mexican mail order pharmacies
Williamadvam
mexico pharmacies prescription drugs: Mexico pharmacy that ship to usa – mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs
Jeffreymycle
https://northern-doctors.org/# mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa
Williamadvam
п»їbest mexican online pharmacies: mexican pharmacy – mexican rx online
RichardJeave
buying prescription drugs in mexico mexican pharmacy online п»їbest mexican online pharmacies
Jeffreymycle
https://northern-doctors.org/# mexico drug stores pharmacies
Williamadvam
mexico drug stores pharmacies: northern doctors pharmacy – mexican drugstore online
Jeffreymycle
http://northern-doctors.org/# medication from mexico pharmacy
RichardJeave
mexican pharmaceuticals online mexican pharmacy online mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa
Jeffreymycle
https://northern-doctors.org/# buying prescription drugs in mexico
Williamadvam
mexican pharmaceuticals online: mexican pharmacy northern doctors – mexico pharmacy
Williamadvam
mexico pharmacy: medicine in mexico pharmacies – mexican pharmaceuticals online
Williamadvam
mexican pharmacy: Mexico pharmacy that ship to usa – mexican pharmaceuticals online
Jeffreymycle
https://northern-doctors.org/# mexico pharmacies prescription drugs
Williamadvam
mexico pharmacies prescription drugs: mexican northern doctors – best online pharmacies in mexico
Topaep
order hydrea for sale – disulfiram online buy order robaxin online cheap
Jeffreymycle
https://northern-doctors.org/# п»їbest mexican online pharmacies
Jeffreymycle
http://northern-doctors.org/# reputable mexican pharmacies online
Williamadvam
buying from online mexican pharmacy: mexican pharmacy – medicine in mexico pharmacies
RichardJeave
medicine in mexico pharmacies mexican mail order pharmacies mexico drug stores pharmacies
Jeffreymycle
https://northern-doctors.org/# mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs
Williamadvam
mexican pharmacy: mexican pharmacy online – mexican pharmaceuticals online
Jeffreymycle
https://northern-doctors.org/# mexican rx online
Jeffreymycle
https://northern-doctors.org/# mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa
Jeffreymycle
https://northern-doctors.org/# medication from mexico pharmacy
RichardJeave
mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa mexican pharmacy online purple pharmacy mexico price list
Williamadvam
mexican pharmacy: northern doctors pharmacy – mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs
Williamadvam
mexico drug stores pharmacies: mexican pharmacy online – mexican mail order pharmacies
Jeffreymycle
https://northern-doctors.org/# buying from online mexican pharmacy
Williamadvam
mexican pharmaceuticals online: mexican pharmacy – mexico pharmacies prescription drugs
RichardJeave
mexico drug stores pharmacies Mexico pharmacy that ship to usa mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa
Jeffreymycle
https://northern-doctors.org/# mexican mail order pharmacies
Jeffreymycle
http://northern-doctors.org/# mexican drugstore online
Jeffreymycle
http://northern-doctors.org/# mexico drug stores pharmacies
Williamadvam
mexican rx online: mexican pharmacy northern doctors – buying from online mexican pharmacy
RichardJeave
mexican mail order pharmacies mexican online pharmacies prescription drugs buying prescription drugs in mexico online
Williamadvam
purple pharmacy mexico price list: mexican pharmacy online – medication from mexico pharmacy
Jeffreymycle
http://northern-doctors.org/# buying prescription drugs in mexico online
Williamadvam
mexico drug stores pharmacies: mexican pharmacy northern doctors – mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa
Jeffreyrig
http://cmqpharma.com/# mexican pharmacy
purple pharmacy mexico price list
Ronniesig
mexico pharmacies prescription drugs cmqpharma.com mexican pharmacy
StephenLob
reputable mexican pharmacies online: mexican online pharmacy – medication from mexico pharmacy
Ronniesig
mexican pharmaceuticals online cmqpharma.com purple pharmacy mexico price list
Ronniesig
mexico drug stores pharmacies mexican pharmacy mexican border pharmacies shipping to usa
Ronniesig
pharmacies in mexico that ship to usa mexico pharmacy mexico drug stores pharmacies
Ronniesig
buying prescription drugs in mexico mexico pharmacy mexico pharmacies prescription drugs
Dqmrfk
order depakote 250mg online – cheap generic aggrenox buy generic topamax for sale
Ronniesig
buying prescription drugs in mexico online cmq pharma mexican rx online
Irrywt
disopyramide phosphate online – buy norpace generic order chlorpromazine generic
Jeffreyrig
http://cmqpharma.com/# mexican mail order pharmacies
purple pharmacy mexico price list
Ronniesig
mexico drug stores pharmacies cmq pharma mexican pharmacy buying from online mexican pharmacy
Eqbhrc
buy generic cyclophosphamide online – antivert 25 mg pill cheap trimetazidine without prescription