Les mirusvirus, un nouveau lien entre les herpèsvirus et les virus géants ?
Une équipe du CEA et du CNRS a découvert des virus chimériques, appelée mirusvirus, du terme latin « mirus » qui signifie « étrange ». Ces virus sont abondants à la surface des mers et des océans, où ils infectent du plancton unicellulaire. Les auteurs de l’article publié en avril 2023 dans Nature ont identifié les mirusvirus en analysant des métagénomes de centaines d’échantillons environnementaux collectés dans les océans et mers de l’équateur aux pôles. Ces virus ont été retrouvés en quantités très abondantes dans les planctons et étaient présents dans les échantillons de 131 des 143 sites caractérisés. En plus de permettre de mieux apprécier l’étendue de la biodiversité océanique et l’importance des virus dans ces écosystèmes, cette découverte montre un nouveau lien surprenant entre les herpèsvirus qui infectent les humains et des virus géants. La majorité des gènes des mirusvirus dont ceux impliqués dans la réplication du génome viral, sont très proches de ceux retrouvés dans les virus géants (Varidnaviria), mais les gènes impliqués dans la structure et la maturation des virions sont apparentés à ceux des herpèsvirus. Cette importante découverte de chimérisme viral entre deux taxons viraux très éloignés est étayée par l’analyse phylogénétique de plus de 100 génomes de mirusvirus dont un génome presque complet de 432 kilobases. Collectivement, ces travaux suggèrent que les ancêtres des herpèsvirus infectaient autrefois des organismes unicellulaires marins. Les résultats de cette étude pourraient aider à mieux comprendre l’évolution des virus à génome ADN des organismes eucaryotes et la diversité des virus notamment dans l’écosystème marin. Ces travaux ont été réalisés au Genoscope (centre national de séquençage situé sur le Génopole d’Évry avec des laboratoires de recherche académique, des entreprises de biotechnologies et l’Université d’Évry) sur des données récoltées lors de l’expédition Tara Océans (2009-2013).
Pour en savoir plus : Mirusviruses link herpesviruses to giant viruses. Gaïa M, Meng L, Pelletier E, Forterre P, Vanni C, Fernandez-Guerra A, Jaillon O, Wincker P, Ogata H, Krupovic M et Delmont TO. Nature, 19 avril 2023. doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-05962-4.
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